Educational Differences in Smoking: Selection Versus Causation

comparison Educational differences in smoking : international

Objective To investigate international variations in smoking associated with educational level. Design International comparison of national health, or similar, surveys. Subjects Men and women aged 20 to 44 years and 45

Educational differences in smoking: international comparison.

OBJECTIVE To investigate international variations in smoking associated with educational level. DESIGN International comparison of national health, or similar, surveys. SUBJECTS Men and women aged 20 to 44 years and 45 to 74 years. SETTING 12 European countries, around 1990. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative differences (odds ratios) and absolute differences in the prevalence of ever smoki...

Selection and Causation*

We have argued elsewhere that natural selection is not a cause of evolution, and that a resolution-of-forces (or vector addition) model does not provide us with a proper understanding of how natural selection combines with other evolutionary influences. These propositions have come in for criticism recently, and here we clarify and defend them. We do so within the broad framework of our own ‘hi...

Proving Causation: Probability versus Belief

Unemployment and smoking : Causation , selection , or common cause ? Evidence from longitudinal data

Background: This study investigates possible mechanisms that can explain the association between unemployment and smoking, that is a) unemployment increases smoking probability (causation), b) smoking increases the probability to become unemployed (selection), and c) differences in both smoking and unemployment probabilities trace back to differences in socio-economic position (common cause). M...